How to File an FIR in India: Step-by-Step Guide

What is an FIR?

A First Information Report (FIR) is the written record prepared by the police when they receive information about a cognizable offence — an offence serious enough that the police can investigate and arrest without a court's permission. It is the first step that sets the criminal justice process in motion.

The legal basis for FIR registration is Section 173 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), which replaced Section 154 of the old Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.

Where and how to file

You can file an FIR at any police station, regardless of where the offence occurred. Under the 'zero FIR' concept, the station that receives your information must record it and can later transfer it to the station that has jurisdiction.

• Go to the police station and narrate the facts to the officer in charge, or give the information in writing.
• The information must be read back to you, and you sign it after verifying it is recorded correctly.
• You are entitled to a copy of the FIR free of cost — always collect it.
• Many states also allow e-FIRs for certain offences (such as vehicle theft) through their police portals.

If the police refuse to register your FIR

Refusal to register an FIR for a cognizable offence is not the end of the road. You can escalate in stages:

• Send the information in writing to the Superintendent of Police under Section 173(4) BNSS (by post).
• File an application before the jurisdictional Magistrate under Section 175(3) BNSS, who can order the police to investigate.
• In serious cases, approach the High Court under its writ jurisdiction.

Practical tips

Stick to facts you personally know, note the names and dates as accurately as you can, and keep the FIR number safe — you will need it to track the investigation. If you are unsure whether your matter is cognizable, a lawyer or legal aid clinic can advise you before you go.

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